DISABILITY, INCLUSION AND ABLEISM: HISTORICAL REALITY AND CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

REALIDADE HISTÓRICA E DESAFIOS CONTEMPORÂNEOS NA EFETIVAÇÃO DOS DIREITOS DAS PESSOAS COM DEFICIÊNCIA

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the historical transformations in the understanding of disability and the doctrinal models that influenced social practices, policies and legal frameworks aimed at people with disabilities at each historical moment. The aim is to understand how these changes have impacted the current reality of this group, with an emphasis on the structures of exclusion that are still present, such as ableism. The methodology adopted is qualitative, exploratory and bibliographic in nature, centered on theoretical sources that deal with the conceptual evolution of disability and the social and cultural reflections of this trajectory. The analysis starts from a historical rescue, from Antiquity to the present day, showing that this path starts from mystical and religious visions to the biomedical approach and, more recently, to the social perspective of disability. In the end, it can be seen that, despite significant legal and institutional advances driven by human rights and social movements in the 20th century, structural barriers persist that limit the effective inclusion of people with disabilities. This work highlights that ableism acts as a symbolic and material obstacle to the full citizenship of people with disabilities, revealing the need of a deep cultural and social change so that normative achievements become effective and egalitarian social practices.